Parliamentary experts under influence?

03/02/2022 · BAM! Belgian Alternative Media
Parliamentary experts under influence?

BAM! put its team on the potential conflicts of interest of the thirty-two experts selected for the hearings on compulsory vaccination in Parliament.
Dinner is served! Take a seat! And you will be served some well-salted conflicts of interest.

So?

First observation: practically all the experts have worked for the pharmaceutical industry or for state-dependent bodies. Paradoxically, collaborations and jobs in pharmaceutical firms tend above all to “lend credibility” to an expert.

Second observation: not all experts with potential conflicts of interest are necessarily in favour of the Covid vaccine. The vaccinologist Geert Van Den Bossche, who worked for the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation or GAVI, is fiercely opposed to the Covid vaccine.

We note that the few major Belgian experts who have no interests are not among the parliamentary experts. To name only the best known (and most recognised) on the French-speaking side:

  • Prof. Bernard Rentier, virologist and honorary rector of the University of Liège,
  • Prof. Yves Coppieters, immunologist and professor at the School of Public Health and the Faculty of Medicine of the ULB,
  • Prof. Dr Martin Zizi, MD-PhD, Biophysicist and Molecular Epidemiologist, former Chairman of an Ethics Committee, former adviser to the Belgian authorities and the UN.

One can also see that most of the parliamentary experts are rather in favour of the government’s vaccination strategy, particularly on the French-speaking side, reflecting the vaccination choices of the various Belgian political parties. One therefore gets the impression that they were chosen above all to justify the positions of the parties that appointed them, and that the decision has therefore already been taken within the parties before the debate and the vote…

While circumstances may well jeopardise the entry into force of an obligation in the short term, it is quite possible that, at federal or regional level, some will try to give themselves the means to make a vaccine compulsory “in case of emergency”. Most experts admit that compulsory vaccination comes too late… which implies that an obligation should be imposed much more quickly in the future

Conflict of interest?

Let us go back to the definition of a conflict of interest: “A conflict of interest is any situation of interference between a public interest and public or private interests which is such as to influence or appear to influence the independent, impartial and objective exercise of a function.” In other words, would the interests or benefits that the experts derive from their profession or their functions be likely to influence their opinions/recommendations on compulsory vaccination before Parliament?

Let us recall that in 2009, a third of the scientific experts who had recommended the H1N1 vaccine to the government were linked to GSK, the pharmaceutical firm that benefited from the contract. H1N1: des experts belges sous influence - La Libre

Since then, several principles have been put in place, among others by the Superior Health Council (Conflits d’intérêts | SPF Santé publique):

  • It is impossible to be an expert without having interests.
  • An interest is different from a conflict of interest.
  • Experts must communicate/make public their interests transparently.
  • It is not the expert him- or herself who must judge whether an interest leads to a potential conflict.
  • It is not enough to identify potential conflicts; they must also be managed.
  • Transparency is necessary regarding interests and potential conflicts when issuing and communicating an opinion.

A conflict of interest goes beyond the mere dimension of commissioned science and direct funding. One can, for example, draw inspiration from the rules used in one of the countries that apply rigorous standards on conflicts of interest and their management, such as the United Kingdom (e.g. Oxford, UKRI, Elsevier, COPE).

List of the 32 parliamentary experts

The list of interests is not complete. It is impossible to find and verify them all. We have therefore published only what was sourced. We have also sometimes added information shedding light on the experts’ positions on vaccination.

Heidi Larson (director of the Vaccine Confidence Project)

Among the partners of the Vaccine Confidence Project, of which Heidi Larson is director, we find Facebook and the WHO. Among the funders we have GSK, Johnson&Johnson, the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations (EFPIA) and the European Commission.

Heidi Larson is the wife of Peter Piot:

  • Peter Piot, a Belgian doctor, became known as early as the 1970s as one of those who discovered the Ebola virus. After working for the UN, he was hired in 2009 as a senior fellow at the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation ( Peter Piot Joins Foundation as a Senior Fellow - Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation).
  • In 2010, Peter Piot became director of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. He also brought with him a colleague whom he had met and fallen in love with when he was working at UNAIDS. That is Heidi Larson.
  • Since 2007, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation has invested $304,269,180 in the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. (https://www.md-universal.eu/images/bmgf-grants.csv).
  • He is a member of the Commission’s advisory panel on Covid-19 (E03719) and personal adviser to Ursula Von der Leyen on Covid-19.
  • He also sits on the Board of Directors of CEPI:
    • The Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations () is a global partnership launched in 2017 to develop vaccines in order to stop future epidemics.
    • CEPI was founded in Davos by the governments of Norway and India, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Wellcome and the World Economic Forum.
    • To date, CEPI has obtained financial support from Australia, Austria, Belgium, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Canada, Denmark, the European Commission, Ethiopia, Finland, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Kuwait, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Romania, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Singapore, Switzerland, the Republic of Korea, the United Kingdom, USAID and Wellcome.

Marius Gilbert

Vaccination obligatoire : l’avis circonspect de Marius Gilbert

In 2015, he produced several publications funded by the NIAID, which is none other than the institute that co-developed the Spikevax vaccine (Moderna). He nevertheless states in Paris Match: “I have never had the slightest contact with a pharmaceutical company and the funders of my research are all public (European Union, FNRS, …).” Marius Gilbert quitte le Celeval : Il explique sa décision (parismatch.be)

Scopus preview - Scopus - Document details - Dynamic population mapping using mobile phone data

Scopus preview - Scopus - Document details - Spatial characterization of colonies of the flying fox bat, a carrier of Nipah Virus in Thailand

SPIKEVAX - COVID-19 Vaccine Moderna - MesVaccins.net

He has also published with Emmanuel André and Simon Dellicour Phylodynamic Workflow to Rapidly Gain Insights into the Dispersal History and Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 Lineages | Molecular Biology and Evolution | Oxford Academic (oup.com)

He nevertheless seems to have few links with the world of industry.

Wouter Arrazola De Onate

  • Doctor of family medicine, specialised in reproductive medicine.
  • Medical director of the Belgian institute BELTA (lungs and tuberculosis).
  • Professor at the Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITG) (like Erika Vlieghe), half of which is funded by the ministry of education, scientific research and health, while the other half of its resources comes from project funding, patronage and its own revenue, from organisations that are difficult to identify.

(89) Dr Wouter Arrazola de Oñate | LinkedIn

ITG - Annual report 2020

Emmanuel André (microbiologist)

  • Pfizer grant in 2013
  • Imec has also developed other innovations such as:
    - Romware: a portable device that alerts employees with an alarm if they do not respect social distancing.
    - Crowdscan: a system for checking crowd density in real time, of obvious interest in helping society adapt.
    - Ilearn program: an e-learning system with which they helped the Flemish government offer an efficient platform to Flemish primary and secondary schools in March 2020.
  • Recently, Imec signed a partnership with GSK: a partnership whose objective is to accelerate the development and production of new vaccines (GSK et imec unissent leurs forces pour le meilleur de l’innovation disruptive au sein du secteur de la biopharmacie | GSK Belgium) through innovative solutions.

In summary:

Emmanuel André is a researcher for Imec (Longitudinal study indicates high exhaled viral load early in the course of a SARS-CoV-2 infection | imec)

In this context, the most recent study he has published as a preprint concerns the molecular detection of Sars Cov 2 in exhaled air using a portable device (Receipt of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines preconception and during pregnancy and risk of self-reported spontaneous abortions, CDC v-safe COVID-19 Vaccine Pregnancy Registry 2020-21 | Research Square)

Imec created a spin-off called MiDiagnostics, which handles the commercialisation of this portable testing device.

The Flemish government invested 20 million euros in this spin-off.

One of the private investors (business angel) in MiDiagnostics is Rudy Pauwels. Following his investment, Rudy Pauwels also became chairman of MiDiagnostics (Rudi Pauwels - Wikipedia)

Moreover, in 2020, he was appointed co-chair of the Diagnostics R&D Working Group of the Access to COVID-19 Tools, (ACT-A): a group initiated by the European Commission, the WHO, the G20 leaders and the Gates Foundation, tasked with coordinating the pandemic response in terms of tests, vaccines and treatments (Access to COVID-19 Tools Accelerator - Wikipedia).

In view of these elements, it is legitimate to question Emmanuel André’s neutrality in his capacity as an expert. His research for Imec on the device for testing Sars cov 2 in exhaled air is obviously aimed at promoting the sale of this device by MiDiagnostics.

The end of the epidemic would mean that this device would become useless before it had even brought in anything for the investors, among whom is the Flemish government.

Emmanuel André is also working on the development of a vaccine against Sars Cov 2 at KU Leuven, as indicated in this article from July 2020.

Coronavirus : un vaccin belge basé sur celui contre la fièvre jaune développé par la KU Leuven

Here is an extract from the article:

“Emmanuel André, the microbiologist, who returned to his research activities precisely to work on this new vaccine.

What will happen in humans? The answer will come in the next few months. ‘We are entering a phase where we will produce the vaccine in an industrial environment in order to launch clinical studies in humans within a controlled, quality framework, but also with a view to mass production to meet the extremely high demand for vaccines,’ explains Emmanuel André.

KU Leuven will continue developing the vaccine with a partner

Until now, KU Leuven has gone it alone. It will now continue development with a partner. It is not excluded that this could be a large pharmaceutical firm, ‘but it is the university that is in control and makes the choices in terms of distribution, production and priority for distributing the vaccine’, with a ‘humanitarian’ rather than financial aim, Emmanuel André further specifies.”

Since then, Imec, which is part of KU Leuven, has signed a partnership with GSK with the aim of collaborating on the rapid production of new vaccines; one can assume that this partnership will also concern the vaccine against SARS cov 2 on which Emmanuel André is working.

It is legitimate to question Emmanuel André’s neutrality in his role at the RAG, in Parliament… and on Twitter.
Can he be objective in his advisory mission to the government when, in parallel, he is working to develop a new vaccine?

If the vaccine became useless following the appearance of the Omicron variant, his research would become useless. It is logical to consider that, for him, the epidemic must remain dangerous to justify mass vaccination. The obligation, the CST (or even the vaccine passport) is the most effective tool to “force” everyone to be vaccinated.

Virginie Pirard (Advisory Committee on Bioethics)

Lawyer and philosopher, specialised in Research Ethics and Bioethics.

Support for institutional and political decision-making in the field of public policy on health, gender, ethics and bioethics.

Specialisations: ethics, bioethics, research independence.

Co-chair of the “vaccination” Commission of the Belgian Advisory Committee on Bioethics

Member of the WHO working group/Member of the WHO WG " EThics and Meuri" (Monitored Emergency Use of Unregistered and Investigational interventions) in the context of the current pandemic. (90) Virginie Pirard | LinkedIn

Head of the ethics unit of the Institut Pasteur in the context of clinical research.

Virginie Pirard - La Cellule Ethique - Research - Institut Pasteur

A member of the IFDH (Federal Institute for the Protection and Promotion of Human Rights)

“Does compulsory vaccination respect human rights? The Federal Institute for the Protection and Promotion of Human Rights (IFDH) attempted to answer this question in the affirmative. But on reading its arguments, both legal and scientific, it appears that the IFDH’s opinion is more a matter of justification than of objective analysis”
The IFDH on compulsory vaccination: legal or biased opinion?

A member of the Superior Health Council

With the aim of guaranteeing and improving public health, the Council formulates scientific opinions to guide political decision-makers and health professionals.

It consists of a college and a group of 300 experts.
https://www.md-universal.eu/images/2016_college.pdf

https://www.health.belgium.be/fr/experts-nommes#anchor-29164

We have not checked all the experts and members of the college. Let us note nevertheless that the opinions of the Superior Council are in line with the government’s decisions. Indeed, we find in its college and in its group of experts the interfederal Covid-19 spokesperson, Yves Van Laethem. He took part in several reports in 2017 and 2019 on behalf of Pfizer.

APPSM déclarations d’intérêts

Maarten Vansteenkiste (psychologist)

  • Member of the Psychology and Corona expert group. This expert group is very close to the government, since it offers its advice to encourage the population’s adherence to the measures and to the vaccination strategy using behavioural psychology techniques and nudging.
    Groupe d’experts Psychologie et Corona | UPPCF
  • Professor of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology (UGent): focus on the dynamics of motivation and the motivational role of personalities.
  • Head of the Motivationbarometer (which cooperates with Sciensano and the FPS) with V. Yzerbyt and Olivier Klein (“Psychologie et corona”, COMPACT). The Motivationbarometer is behind the corona barometer.

Tom Goffin (Federal Commission for Patients’ Rights)

  • UGent (Public Health and Primary Care): Lecturer.
  • Order of Physicians: Lawyer (2012-2018).
  • KU Leuven: Scientific assistant.
  • KCE (2011-2012): 1733 project (intended to prevent overcrowding of emergency departments by redirecting patients to general practitioners, etc.).

Vincent Yzerbyt (psychologist)

  • Groupe d’experts Psychologie et Corona | UPPCF (contact person on the French-speaking side).
  • Professor of Social Psychology (UCL): focus on intergroup relations, collective behaviour, group emotions, stereotypes and prejudice, social cognition, methods and statistics.
  • Head of the motivationbarometer (which cooperates with Sciensano and the FPS). He obtained funding of €685,000 from UGent and KU Leuven for the motivation barometer. It brings together, among others, M. Vansteenkiste (see above), Olivier Klein (“Psychologie et corona”, COMPACT), Mathias Schmitz (Yzerbyt’s former doctoral student) and Pascaline Van Oost (Yzerbyt’s doctoral student). The motivationbarometer is behind the corona barometer.
  • He received €60,000 from the Wallonia-Brussels Federation for the study “Les étudiants au temps du Covid”.
  • Member of the Board of Directors of UNIA.
  • Les psychologues sont-ils pour l’obligation vaccinale? - Le Soir

Vanessa De Greef (vice-president of the Ligue des droits humains)

  • With a law degree from the ULB and a Master’s in Legal Theory from the European Academy of Legal Theory, Vanessa De Greef became a member of the Centre for Public Law after a brief spell at the Brussels bar. She defended her doctoral thesis in April 2015. Her thesis is entitled “Droit au travail et troubles mentaux. Une analyse critique des exclusions et des inclusions par le droit en assurance chômage et en aide sociale”.
  • Vanessa is an FNRS research associate and professor of labour law. She teaches labour law and the law on well-being at work.
  • Vanessa regularly works in collaboration with the National Institute for Health and Disability Insurance and the Federal Public Service Employment, Labour and Social Dialogue.
  • Her interests focus mainly on social law, in particular occupational health law. But she is also interested in other related themes, notably fundamental rights, criminal policy and the ideological nature of law.
  • Vanessa De Greef | Centre de Droit Public

Els Keytsman (Unia)

Unia fera partie des experts entendus à la Chambre pour la vaccination obligatoire - BX1

Position d’UNIA sur l’obligation vaccinale of 20.01.22

  • Institute for the Equality of Women and Men (2021-present): member of the board of directors.
  • European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA, associated with the EU) (2020-present): (alternate) member of the board of directors for Belgium.
  • European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI, associated with the Council of Europe) (2018-present): Member.
  • Unia – Interfederal Centre for Equal Opportunities (2016-present): Director.
  • Council for Dutch Language and Literature (2017-2021): Member
  • Vluchtelingenwerk Vlaanderen (2010-2016): Director.
  • ARKimedes (2005-2010): Member of the board of directors (Brussels region), support for investment in risk capital (+€1 for each € invested by an investment fund in a Flemish micro-enterprise/SME).
  • Oxfam (2008-2010): Head of the Advocacy & Policy department (Ghent region).
  • City of Aalst (2002-2008): municipal councillor (Groen) in the field of the environment.
  • Groen (2004-2007): Political consultant and spokesperson.
  • Federal Government & Flemish Government (1999-2004): Political consultant in the field of health insurance funds, subsidies for environmental purposes, and fiscal policy for environmental purposes.
  • Flemish administration (1993-1999): civil servant for the budget and arts & museums departments.
  • https://www.linkedin.com/in/keytsman/

Leila Belkhir (infectious disease specialist)

Dr Belkhir has received speaker fees from Janssen Pharmaceuticals, a subsidiary of Johnson & Johnson.
Delayed Large Local Reactions to mRNA Vaccines

Johan Neyts (virologist)

Johan Neyts – The Neyts-lab of Virology, Antiviral Drug & Vaccine Research

In charge of research on a new Covid vaccine at the Rega Institute (KU Leuven) (Emmanuel André also collaborates on it).
The Rega Institute received a donation of $1.15 million in March 2020 from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation for the fight against Covid-19.
J. Neyts and M. Van Ranst were involved in the study. At the time, they were still highlighting the role of Chloroquine as a possible treatment, which moreover is cheap and easy to produce.
KU Leuven has also received other funds from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Neyts’s lab has received (current) funding: from the Wellcome Trust (itself funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation) for research on RSV:

  • from SCORE (a Covid-related project funded by the EU via Horizon 2020), one of whose partners is the Janssen laboratory
  • from Exscalate4Cov (a Covid-related PPP project funded by the EU via Horizon 2020)
  • from (a Covid-related PPP project co-funded by the EU via Horizon 2020 and the BMGF), whose private partners are:
    • Janssen (which holds the position of project director)
    • Pfizer, Bayer
    • AbbVie
    • Boehringer Ingelheim
    • Takeda
    • Astellas
    • Merck
    • Ai biopharma
    • AiCuris (two firms active in medicine based on artificial intelligence)
    • EuroVacc Foundation (also funded by the EU via Horizon 2020)

Johan Neyts – The Neyts-lab of Virology, Antiviral Drug & Vaccine Research

Leuvens vaccin boekt hoopvolle resultaten: zeer effectief tegen vier coronavarianten (Leuven) | Het Nieuwsblad Mobile

Tijl De Bie (data scientist)

Mathias Dewatripont (economist, CV)

Hendrik Vuye (constitutional lawyer)

Constitutional lawyer, former member of the Chamber for the NVA.  He was the NVA’s ideologue before he left it, because he felt it was not moving fast enough towards its goal of independence. He is also a professor at UNamur. We find it hard to understand why he was invited to a debate on compulsory vaccination.

Luc Herry (president of Absym)

Carla Nagels (criminologist)

Author of: “Sociologie des élites délinquantes · De la criminalité en col blanc à la corruption politique”.

Herman Goossens (microbiologist)

Covid: Herman Goossens annonce que son nouveau système de tests salivaires rapides est prêt - Belgique - LeVif

Geert Molenberghs (biostatistician)

Prof. Geert Molenberghs acts as an adviser and member of international data monitoring committees for several biopharmaceutical clinical trials, notably for a J&J Covid-19 vaccination trial.
http://lirias.kuleuven.be/cv?Username=U0056633

Rik Torfs (professor, former rector of KU Leuven)

Henri Maria Dymphna André Laurent (Rik) Torfs, born in Turnhout on 16 October 1956, is a professor of canon law at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, a media personality and a Flemish Belgian politician, member of CD&V. In 2013, he was elected rector of KU Leuven. His term ended on 31 July 2017.
Rik Torfs — Wikipédia

Paul Verhaeghe (psychologist)

Geert Vanden Bossche (vaccinologist)

Interview Geert Vanden Bossche - BAM! Belgian Alternative Media (in French)

  • 2012-2019 - Director General of VaReCo (Vaccine Research and Collaborations)
    • Providing scientific advice to vaccine and animal health biotechnology companies as well as to non-profit organisations (e.g. GAVI, PATH, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, GALVmed, NIH, WHO, universities) on health interventions, immunology, vaccines and adjuvants, raw materials and nutraceuticals. Expert witness in vaccine-related litigation.
  • Mid-2015 — mid-2016 GLOBAL ALLIANCE FOR VACCINES AND IMMUNISATION (GAVI), Geneva, Switzerland - Head of the Ebola vaccination programme
    • Coordinating GAVI’s Ebola vaccination programme in collaboration with partners (WHO, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, CDC, UNICEF), regulators (FDA) and vaccine manufacturers.
    • Key mission: establishing a target product profile adapted to the needs of immune interventions in global health, to enable selection of the most appropriate Ebola vaccine candidate(s) for use in an Ebola outbreak in collaboration with manufacturers and partners, and implementing an integrated work plan on vaccines in Ebola-affected countries.
  • Mid-2008 — mid-2011 BILL & MELINDA GATES FOUNDATION, Seattle, Washington, United States - Senior Program Officer, Global Health, Vaccine Discovery
    • Initiating and managing grants on vaccine platforms and programmes relevant to global health (e.g. HIV-1, malaria, tuberculosis, influenza, poliomyelitis...); establishing international product development partnerships on vaccine discovery and vaccination programmes in global health (e.g. with academia, the biotechnology industry, NIH, Welcome Trust, WHO, PATH).
  • Mid-2007 — mid-2008 SOLVAY BIOLOGICALS, Weesp, NL - Global Project Director, Influenza Vaccines.
  • Mid-2006 — mid-2007 NOVARTIS VACCINES & DIAGNOSTICS, Siena, IT & Emeryville, United States - Director, head of the research programme and head of adjuvants, responsibilities for the vaccine research programme/auxiliary programme.
  • Mid-1995 — mid-2006 GSK BIOLOGICALS, Rixensart, Belgium.

https://www.md-universal.eu/images/61f409508dc1069610242e5a_2022%20detailed%20CV-%20G.%20VANDEN%20BOSSCHE.pdf

Dimitri Van der Linden (paediatrician)

  • CHU St.-Luc (Paediatrics): Resident (2009), Assistant Head of Clinic (2011), Associate Head of Clinic (2014), Head of Clinic (2017).
  • CHU Ste.-Justine (Montreal, Canada): Fellow in paediatric infectious diseases.
  • Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF): Paediatrician.
  • Pietermaritzburg Metropolitan Hospitals Complex: Principal Medical Officer.
  • CHU St.-Pierre (Paediatrics): Resident.
  • UNamur: Visiting professor (2013).
  • Participation in experiments (scientific, preclinical studies, etc.) for companies with a commercial purpose: Pfizer, pneumococcal vaccine, collaborator, early 2021, without compensation.
  • APPSM déclarations d’intérêts

Karin Verelst (philosopher)

Karin Verelst | Vrije Universiteit Brussel

Bernard Dubuisson (specialist in liability law)

https://www.linkedin.com/in/bernard-dubuisson-0a47a032/

Marc Verdussen (constitutional lawyer)

  • Full professor at UCLouvain, where he heads the Research Centre on the State and the Constitution (JUR-I-CRECO).
  • He teaches constitutional law, Belgian and comparative, and constitutional justice.

https://www.linkedin.com/in/marc-verdussen-a4708542/

Sam Brokken (Health Sciences)

He was one of the first to criticise the Covid-19 vaccines, which earned him the label of “antivax” following a debate on VRT in which he stated that the vaccine did not prevent infections, which has now been amply confirmed by the facts.
Ontslagen vaccin-kritische wetenschapper blijkt nu gelijk te hebben in debat met vaccinoloog Pierre Van Damme - PAL NWS

Roel Van Giel (Domus Medica)

Dr Roel Van Giel is the president of Domus Medica.

https://www.linkedin.com/in/roel-van-giel-9308bb4/?originalSubdomain=be

Domus Medica currently counts the firm AstraZeneca among its sponsors.

Partnerschappen Domus Medica

Liliane Schoofs (Immunologist)

She recently tweeted: “The impact of vaccination on community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is not significantly different from that in unvaccinated people, and no major difference exists between the vaccinated and the unvaccinated in terms of viral loads in the nasopharynx.”, citing a study in the Lancet.
Transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 among fully vaccinated individuals - The Lancet Infectious Diseases

Ann De Guchtenaere (Flemish Paediatrics Association)

Prof. dr. Ann De Guchtenaere | Az Damiaan

UGent, paediatrician specialising in chronic childhood diseases.

Des experts plutôt réservés sur l’obligation vaccinale (lavenir.net)

 

By BAM! Investigation

Photo: AdobeStock_70923298 ©Andrey Kuzmin

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